Design space exploration

For CPU, GPU, TPU, NPU Landscape, tradeoffs are accuracy, latency, power, and workflow risk.

Option A — conservative

• Conservative baseline: helps predictable operation

• Risk: lower peak performance

• Validate with: first deployment

Option B — balanced

• Balanced optimization: helps good efficiency

• Risk: needs tuning discipline

• Validate with: mainline production

Option C — aggressive optimization

• Aggressive optimization: helps best resource use

• Risk: higher fragility

• Validate with: mature pipelines

Option D — architecture refactor

• Architecture refactor: helps long-term scalability

• Risk: schedule risk

• Validate with: repeated bottlenecks

DESIGN SPACE — CPU, GPU, TPU, NPU Landscape
accuracy <-> latency <-> power <-> engineering risk

Design pitfalls

• Optimizing one KPI without system-level impact

• Skipping fallback plan for low-confidence regions

Tradeoff curve

BEFORE / AFTER — CPU, GPU, TPU, NPU Landscape

metric quality
  ^
  |                        o target region
  |                 o post-fix + regression
  |            o
  |      o baseline failing run
  +-----------------------------------------> iteration
      evidence audit   fix    full validation

AI-VLSI deep dive

Throughput claims are meaningless without roofline and bandwidth context.

Concept diagram

COMPUTE ANALYSIS

workload profile -> roofline -> precision policy -> target silicon

Metric graph

EFFICIENCY DRIVERS

compute utilization    ██████
memory utilization     █████████
precision efficiency   ███████

Reports and artifacts

• platform benchmark matrix

• roofline chart

• precision sweep

• latency/power dashboard

Mini case study

Kernel optimization shifted from compute tuning to memory tiling after roofline analysis.

Debug branches

• Classify compute vs memory bound

• Compare precision tiers

• Align platform to SLA

Senior review question

Ask: what evidence connects this ML claim to a concrete VLSI workflow decision and owner signoff?

Key takeaways

• Every AI claim should map to a measurable engineering outcome.

• Validate both model quality and hardware/runtime feasibility before adoption.

Common pitfalls

• Optimizing benchmark metrics that do not correlate with signoff goals.

• Ignoring data drift and calibration after deployment.

• Shipping ML workflows without clear rollback ownership.

Execution drill pack 1

Use this pack to rehearse AI-for-VLSI decision making on ai-vlsi/ai-compute-hardware/cpu-gpu-tpu-npu-landscape/design-space: metric framing, mechanism proof, hardware implications, and release safety.

Evidence checklist

• Metric context includes workload, dataset slice, and revision tags.

• Mechanism explanation links model behavior to observed outcome.

• Hardware/runtime feasibility is profiled, not assumed.

• Owner and rollback path are documented before rollout.

Review prompts

1. Which decision will this model output influence?

2. What is the first failing layer when metric regresses?

3. Which owner applies the smallest reversible fix?

4. What validation matrix is required before deployment?

Evidence capsule

AI-VLSI EVIDENCE CAPSULE 1

PATH: ai-vlsi/ai-compute-hardware/cpu-gpu-tpu-npu-landscape/design-space
WORKLOAD SLICE: <name>
PRIMARY METRIC: <value/trend>
FIRST FAILING LAYER: <data/model/runtime/hardware>
OWNER: <name>
PRIMARY ARTIFACT: <report/profile/dashboard>
DECISION: <ship / rollback / escalate>

Execution drill pack 2

Use this pack to rehearse AI-for-VLSI decision making on ai-vlsi/ai-compute-hardware/cpu-gpu-tpu-npu-landscape/design-space: metric framing, mechanism proof, hardware implications, and release safety.

Evidence checklist

• Metric context includes workload, dataset slice, and revision tags.

• Mechanism explanation links model behavior to observed outcome.

• Hardware/runtime feasibility is profiled, not assumed.

• Owner and rollback path are documented before rollout.

Review prompts

1. Which decision will this model output influence?

2. What is the first failing layer when metric regresses?

3. Which owner applies the smallest reversible fix?

4. What validation matrix is required before deployment?

Evidence capsule

AI-VLSI EVIDENCE CAPSULE 2

PATH: ai-vlsi/ai-compute-hardware/cpu-gpu-tpu-npu-landscape/design-space
WORKLOAD SLICE: <name>
PRIMARY METRIC: <value/trend>
FIRST FAILING LAYER: <data/model/runtime/hardware>
OWNER: <name>
PRIMARY ARTIFACT: <report/profile/dashboard>
DECISION: <ship / rollback / escalate>

Execution drill pack 3

Use this pack to rehearse AI-for-VLSI decision making on ai-vlsi/ai-compute-hardware/cpu-gpu-tpu-npu-landscape/design-space: metric framing, mechanism proof, hardware implications, and release safety.

Evidence checklist

• Metric context includes workload, dataset slice, and revision tags.

• Mechanism explanation links model behavior to observed outcome.

• Hardware/runtime feasibility is profiled, not assumed.

• Owner and rollback path are documented before rollout.

Review prompts

1. Which decision will this model output influence?

2. What is the first failing layer when metric regresses?

3. Which owner applies the smallest reversible fix?

4. What validation matrix is required before deployment?

Evidence capsule

AI-VLSI EVIDENCE CAPSULE 3

PATH: ai-vlsi/ai-compute-hardware/cpu-gpu-tpu-npu-landscape/design-space
WORKLOAD SLICE: <name>
PRIMARY METRIC: <value/trend>
FIRST FAILING LAYER: <data/model/runtime/hardware>
OWNER: <name>
PRIMARY ARTIFACT: <report/profile/dashboard>
DECISION: <ship / rollback / escalate>

Execution drill pack 4

Use this pack to rehearse AI-for-VLSI decision making on ai-vlsi/ai-compute-hardware/cpu-gpu-tpu-npu-landscape/design-space: metric framing, mechanism proof, hardware implications, and release safety.

Evidence checklist

• Metric context includes workload, dataset slice, and revision tags.

• Mechanism explanation links model behavior to observed outcome.

• Hardware/runtime feasibility is profiled, not assumed.

• Owner and rollback path are documented before rollout.

Review prompts

1. Which decision will this model output influence?

2. What is the first failing layer when metric regresses?

3. Which owner applies the smallest reversible fix?

4. What validation matrix is required before deployment?

Evidence capsule

AI-VLSI EVIDENCE CAPSULE 4

PATH: ai-vlsi/ai-compute-hardware/cpu-gpu-tpu-npu-landscape/design-space
WORKLOAD SLICE: <name>
PRIMARY METRIC: <value/trend>
FIRST FAILING LAYER: <data/model/runtime/hardware>
OWNER: <name>
PRIMARY ARTIFACT: <report/profile/dashboard>
DECISION: <ship / rollback / escalate>

Execution drill pack 5

Use this pack to rehearse AI-for-VLSI decision making on ai-vlsi/ai-compute-hardware/cpu-gpu-tpu-npu-landscape/design-space: metric framing, mechanism proof, hardware implications, and release safety.

Evidence checklist

• Metric context includes workload, dataset slice, and revision tags.

• Mechanism explanation links model behavior to observed outcome.

• Hardware/runtime feasibility is profiled, not assumed.

• Owner and rollback path are documented before rollout.

Review prompts

1. Which decision will this model output influence?

2. What is the first failing layer when metric regresses?

3. Which owner applies the smallest reversible fix?

4. What validation matrix is required before deployment?

Evidence capsule

AI-VLSI EVIDENCE CAPSULE 5

PATH: ai-vlsi/ai-compute-hardware/cpu-gpu-tpu-npu-landscape/design-space
WORKLOAD SLICE: <name>
PRIMARY METRIC: <value/trend>
FIRST FAILING LAYER: <data/model/runtime/hardware>
OWNER: <name>
PRIMARY ARTIFACT: <report/profile/dashboard>
DECISION: <ship / rollback / escalate>

Execution drill pack 6

Use this pack to rehearse AI-for-VLSI decision making on ai-vlsi/ai-compute-hardware/cpu-gpu-tpu-npu-landscape/design-space: metric framing, mechanism proof, hardware implications, and release safety.

Evidence checklist

• Metric context includes workload, dataset slice, and revision tags.

• Mechanism explanation links model behavior to observed outcome.

• Hardware/runtime feasibility is profiled, not assumed.

• Owner and rollback path are documented before rollout.

Review prompts

1. Which decision will this model output influence?

2. What is the first failing layer when metric regresses?

3. Which owner applies the smallest reversible fix?

4. What validation matrix is required before deployment?

Evidence capsule

AI-VLSI EVIDENCE CAPSULE 6

PATH: ai-vlsi/ai-compute-hardware/cpu-gpu-tpu-npu-landscape/design-space
WORKLOAD SLICE: <name>
PRIMARY METRIC: <value/trend>
FIRST FAILING LAYER: <data/model/runtime/hardware>
OWNER: <name>
PRIMARY ARTIFACT: <report/profile/dashboard>
DECISION: <ship / rollback / escalate>

Execution drill pack 7

Use this pack to rehearse AI-for-VLSI decision making on ai-vlsi/ai-compute-hardware/cpu-gpu-tpu-npu-landscape/design-space: metric framing, mechanism proof, hardware implications, and release safety.

Evidence checklist

• Metric context includes workload, dataset slice, and revision tags.

• Mechanism explanation links model behavior to observed outcome.

• Hardware/runtime feasibility is profiled, not assumed.

• Owner and rollback path are documented before rollout.

Review prompts

1. Which decision will this model output influence?

2. What is the first failing layer when metric regresses?

3. Which owner applies the smallest reversible fix?

4. What validation matrix is required before deployment?

Evidence capsule

AI-VLSI EVIDENCE CAPSULE 7

PATH: ai-vlsi/ai-compute-hardware/cpu-gpu-tpu-npu-landscape/design-space
WORKLOAD SLICE: <name>
PRIMARY METRIC: <value/trend>
FIRST FAILING LAYER: <data/model/runtime/hardware>
OWNER: <name>
PRIMARY ARTIFACT: <report/profile/dashboard>
DECISION: <ship / rollback / escalate>

Execution drill pack 8

Use this pack to rehearse AI-for-VLSI decision making on ai-vlsi/ai-compute-hardware/cpu-gpu-tpu-npu-landscape/design-space: metric framing, mechanism proof, hardware implications, and release safety.

Evidence checklist

• Metric context includes workload, dataset slice, and revision tags.

• Mechanism explanation links model behavior to observed outcome.

• Hardware/runtime feasibility is profiled, not assumed.

• Owner and rollback path are documented before rollout.

Review prompts

1. Which decision will this model output influence?

2. What is the first failing layer when metric regresses?

3. Which owner applies the smallest reversible fix?

4. What validation matrix is required before deployment?

Evidence capsule

AI-VLSI EVIDENCE CAPSULE 8

PATH: ai-vlsi/ai-compute-hardware/cpu-gpu-tpu-npu-landscape/design-space
WORKLOAD SLICE: <name>
PRIMARY METRIC: <value/trend>
FIRST FAILING LAYER: <data/model/runtime/hardware>
OWNER: <name>
PRIMARY ARTIFACT: <report/profile/dashboard>
DECISION: <ship / rollback / escalate>

Execution drill pack 9

Use this pack to rehearse AI-for-VLSI decision making on ai-vlsi/ai-compute-hardware/cpu-gpu-tpu-npu-landscape/design-space: metric framing, mechanism proof, hardware implications, and release safety.

Evidence checklist

• Metric context includes workload, dataset slice, and revision tags.

• Mechanism explanation links model behavior to observed outcome.

• Hardware/runtime feasibility is profiled, not assumed.

• Owner and rollback path are documented before rollout.

Review prompts

1. Which decision will this model output influence?

2. What is the first failing layer when metric regresses?

3. Which owner applies the smallest reversible fix?

4. What validation matrix is required before deployment?

Evidence capsule

AI-VLSI EVIDENCE CAPSULE 9

PATH: ai-vlsi/ai-compute-hardware/cpu-gpu-tpu-npu-landscape/design-space
WORKLOAD SLICE: <name>
PRIMARY METRIC: <value/trend>
FIRST FAILING LAYER: <data/model/runtime/hardware>
OWNER: <name>
PRIMARY ARTIFACT: <report/profile/dashboard>
DECISION: <ship / rollback / escalate>

Execution drill pack 10

Use this pack to rehearse AI-for-VLSI decision making on ai-vlsi/ai-compute-hardware/cpu-gpu-tpu-npu-landscape/design-space: metric framing, mechanism proof, hardware implications, and release safety.

Evidence checklist

• Metric context includes workload, dataset slice, and revision tags.

• Mechanism explanation links model behavior to observed outcome.

• Hardware/runtime feasibility is profiled, not assumed.

• Owner and rollback path are documented before rollout.

Review prompts

1. Which decision will this model output influence?

2. What is the first failing layer when metric regresses?

3. Which owner applies the smallest reversible fix?

4. What validation matrix is required before deployment?

Evidence capsule

AI-VLSI EVIDENCE CAPSULE 10

PATH: ai-vlsi/ai-compute-hardware/cpu-gpu-tpu-npu-landscape/design-space
WORKLOAD SLICE: <name>
PRIMARY METRIC: <value/trend>
FIRST FAILING LAYER: <data/model/runtime/hardware>
OWNER: <name>
PRIMARY ARTIFACT: <report/profile/dashboard>
DECISION: <ship / rollback / escalate>

Execution drill pack 11

Use this pack to rehearse AI-for-VLSI decision making on ai-vlsi/ai-compute-hardware/cpu-gpu-tpu-npu-landscape/design-space: metric framing, mechanism proof, hardware implications, and release safety.

Evidence checklist

• Metric context includes workload, dataset slice, and revision tags.

• Mechanism explanation links model behavior to observed outcome.

• Hardware/runtime feasibility is profiled, not assumed.

• Owner and rollback path are documented before rollout.

Review prompts

1. Which decision will this model output influence?

2. What is the first failing layer when metric regresses?

3. Which owner applies the smallest reversible fix?

4. What validation matrix is required before deployment?

Evidence capsule

AI-VLSI EVIDENCE CAPSULE 11

PATH: ai-vlsi/ai-compute-hardware/cpu-gpu-tpu-npu-landscape/design-space
WORKLOAD SLICE: <name>
PRIMARY METRIC: <value/trend>
FIRST FAILING LAYER: <data/model/runtime/hardware>
OWNER: <name>
PRIMARY ARTIFACT: <report/profile/dashboard>
DECISION: <ship / rollback / escalate>

Execution drill pack 12

Use this pack to rehearse AI-for-VLSI decision making on ai-vlsi/ai-compute-hardware/cpu-gpu-tpu-npu-landscape/design-space: metric framing, mechanism proof, hardware implications, and release safety.

Evidence checklist

• Metric context includes workload, dataset slice, and revision tags.

• Mechanism explanation links model behavior to observed outcome.

• Hardware/runtime feasibility is profiled, not assumed.

• Owner and rollback path are documented before rollout.

Review prompts

1. Which decision will this model output influence?

2. What is the first failing layer when metric regresses?

3. Which owner applies the smallest reversible fix?

4. What validation matrix is required before deployment?

Evidence capsule

AI-VLSI EVIDENCE CAPSULE 12

PATH: ai-vlsi/ai-compute-hardware/cpu-gpu-tpu-npu-landscape/design-space
WORKLOAD SLICE: <name>
PRIMARY METRIC: <value/trend>
FIRST FAILING LAYER: <data/model/runtime/hardware>
OWNER: <name>
PRIMARY ARTIFACT: <report/profile/dashboard>
DECISION: <ship / rollback / escalate>

Execution drill pack 13

Use this pack to rehearse AI-for-VLSI decision making on ai-vlsi/ai-compute-hardware/cpu-gpu-tpu-npu-landscape/design-space: metric framing, mechanism proof, hardware implications, and release safety.

Evidence checklist

• Metric context includes workload, dataset slice, and revision tags.

• Mechanism explanation links model behavior to observed outcome.

• Hardware/runtime feasibility is profiled, not assumed.

• Owner and rollback path are documented before rollout.

Review prompts

1. Which decision will this model output influence?

2. What is the first failing layer when metric regresses?

3. Which owner applies the smallest reversible fix?

4. What validation matrix is required before deployment?

Evidence capsule

AI-VLSI EVIDENCE CAPSULE 13

PATH: ai-vlsi/ai-compute-hardware/cpu-gpu-tpu-npu-landscape/design-space
WORKLOAD SLICE: <name>
PRIMARY METRIC: <value/trend>
FIRST FAILING LAYER: <data/model/runtime/hardware>
OWNER: <name>
PRIMARY ARTIFACT: <report/profile/dashboard>
DECISION: <ship / rollback / escalate>

Principal AI-VLSI review addendum

Different compute architectures optimize different operation mixes, memory behavior, and deployment constraints.

Metric: perf-per-watt, throughput per dollar, and workload fit score