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Course contents

  • How to Use This Course
  • AI-VLSI Metrics Reference
  • AI-VLSI Glossary
  • Reading Path
  • ML Math Foundations61
  • Neural Networks Basics61
  • Training Data Pipeline61
  • AI Compute Hardware61
  • Accelerator Architecture61
    • MAC Arrays & Systolic
    • Dataflow Mapping Strategies
    • On-Chip Memory Hierarchy
    • NoC & DRAM Bandwidth
    • Accelerator Architecture: Tricky Q&A
  • AI in VLSI Workflows61
  • Edge Deployment & MLOps61
  • AI-VLSI Interview Prep4
  • AI Basics for VLSI Engineers Cheatsheet
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‹AI for VLSI
  1. Topics
  2. AI for VLSI
  3. Accelerator Architecture

AI for VLSI · All levels

Accelerator Architecture

MAC array structures, dataflow choices, memory hierarchy, and NoC/DRAM constraints shaping AI accelerator efficiency.

  • 5topics
  • 61lessons

Topics in this section

  1. 1MAC Arrays & Systolic15 lessons
    • MAC Arrays & Systolic: Mechanism
    • MAC Arrays & Systolic: Inputs & Outputs
    • MAC Arrays & Systolic: Reports & Metrics
    • MAC Arrays & Systolic: Debug Playbook
    • MAC Arrays & Systolic: Worked Example
    • MAC Arrays & Systolic: Pitfalls & Red Flags
    • MAC Arrays & Systolic: Interview Drills
    • MAC Arrays & Systolic: Review Checklist
    • MAC Arrays & Systolic: Theory Deep Dive
    • MAC Arrays & Systolic: Design Space
    • MAC Arrays & Systolic: Expanded Case Study
    • MAC Arrays & Systolic: Step-by-Step Walkthrough
    • MAC Arrays & Systolic: Comparison Matrix
    • MAC Arrays & Systolic: Software / Programmer View
    • MAC Arrays & Systolic: Silicon PPA Impact
  2. 2Dataflow Mapping Strategies15 lessons
    • Dataflow Mapping Strategies: Mechanism
    • Dataflow Mapping Strategies: Inputs & Outputs
    • Dataflow Mapping Strategies: Reports & Metrics
    • Dataflow Mapping Strategies: Debug Playbook
    • Dataflow Mapping Strategies: Worked Example
    • Dataflow Mapping Strategies: Pitfalls & Red Flags
    • Dataflow Mapping Strategies: Interview Drills
    • Dataflow Mapping Strategies: Review Checklist
    • Dataflow Mapping Strategies: Theory Deep Dive
    • Dataflow Mapping Strategies: Design Space
    • Dataflow Mapping Strategies: Expanded Case Study
    • Dataflow Mapping Strategies: Step-by-Step Walkthrough
    • Dataflow Mapping Strategies: Comparison Matrix
    • Dataflow Mapping Strategies: Software / Programmer View
    • Dataflow Mapping Strategies: Silicon PPA Impact
  3. 3On-Chip Memory Hierarchy15 lessons
    • On-Chip Memory Hierarchy: Mechanism
    • On-Chip Memory Hierarchy: Inputs & Outputs
    • On-Chip Memory Hierarchy: Reports & Metrics
    • On-Chip Memory Hierarchy: Debug Playbook
    • On-Chip Memory Hierarchy: Worked Example
    • On-Chip Memory Hierarchy: Pitfalls & Red Flags
    • On-Chip Memory Hierarchy: Interview Drills
    • On-Chip Memory Hierarchy: Review Checklist
    • On-Chip Memory Hierarchy: Theory Deep Dive
    • On-Chip Memory Hierarchy: Design Space
    • On-Chip Memory Hierarchy: Expanded Case Study
    • On-Chip Memory Hierarchy: Step-by-Step Walkthrough
    • On-Chip Memory Hierarchy: Comparison Matrix
    • On-Chip Memory Hierarchy: Software / Programmer View
    • On-Chip Memory Hierarchy: Silicon PPA Impact
  4. 4NoC & DRAM Bandwidth15 lessons
    • NoC & DRAM Bandwidth: Mechanism
    • NoC & DRAM Bandwidth: Inputs & Outputs
    • NoC & DRAM Bandwidth: Reports & Metrics
    • NoC & DRAM Bandwidth: Debug Playbook
    • NoC & DRAM Bandwidth: Worked Example
    • NoC & DRAM Bandwidth: Pitfalls & Red Flags
    • NoC & DRAM Bandwidth: Interview Drills
    • NoC & DRAM Bandwidth: Review Checklist
    • NoC & DRAM Bandwidth: Theory Deep Dive
    • NoC & DRAM Bandwidth: Design Space
    • NoC & DRAM Bandwidth: Expanded Case Study
    • NoC & DRAM Bandwidth: Step-by-Step Walkthrough
    • NoC & DRAM Bandwidth: Comparison Matrix
    • NoC & DRAM Bandwidth: Software / Programmer View
    • NoC & DRAM Bandwidth: Silicon PPA Impact
  5. 5Accelerator Architecture: Tricky Q&A1 lesson
On this page

    Section goal

    MAC array structures, dataflow choices, memory hierarchy, and NoC/DRAM constraints shaping AI accelerator efficiency.

    How to study this section

    1. Start with each topic hub and sketch the data-model-hardware contract.

    2. Use mechanism and reports pages to connect metrics to decisions.

    3. Practice debug and worked-example pages for review readiness.

    4. Close with checklist and silicon impact before deployment decisions.

    Topics

    1. mac-arrays-and-systolic/ — MAC Arrays & Systolic

    2. dataflow-mapping-strategies/ — Dataflow Mapping Strategies

    3. on-chip-memory-hierarchy/ — On-Chip Memory Hierarchy

    4. noc-and-dram-bandwidth/ — NoC & DRAM Bandwidth

    Related topics

    • AI for VLSI course hub

    AI-VLSI deep dive

    Dataflow and memory hierarchy choices dominate practical accelerator performance.

    Concept diagram

    Diagram
    ACCELERATOR STACK
    
    MAC array -> dataflow map -> SRAM hierarchy -> NoC/DRAM

    Metric graph

    Diagram
    BOTTLENECK MIX
    
    array underutilization ████
    SRAM pressure          ███████
    NoC/DRAM congestion    ██████

    Reports and artifacts

    • array utilization

    • reuse factor report

    • buffer hit analysis

    • NoC/DRAM bottleneck trace

    Mini case study

    A dataflow change improved reuse but exposed NoC congestion, requiring route-policy updates.

    Debug branches

    • Map reuse factors

    • Inspect memory stall sources

    • Profile NoC arbitration

    Senior review question

    Ask: what evidence connects this ML claim to a concrete VLSI workflow decision and owner signoff?

    Execution drill pack 1

    Use this pack to rehearse AI-for-VLSI decision making on ai-vlsi/accelerator-architecture: metric framing, mechanism proof, hardware implications, and release safety.

    Evidence checklist

    • Metric context includes workload, dataset slice, and revision tags.

    • Mechanism explanation links model behavior to observed outcome.

    • Hardware/runtime feasibility is profiled, not assumed.

    • Owner and rollback path are documented before rollout.

    Review prompts

    1. Which decision will this model output influence?

    2. What is the first failing layer when metric regresses?

    3. Which owner applies the smallest reversible fix?

    4. What validation matrix is required before deployment?

    Evidence capsule

    Diagram
    AI-VLSI EVIDENCE CAPSULE 1
    
    PATH: ai-vlsi/accelerator-architecture
    WORKLOAD SLICE: <name>
    PRIMARY METRIC: <value/trend>
    FIRST FAILING LAYER: <data/model/runtime/hardware>
    OWNER: <name>
    PRIMARY ARTIFACT: <report/profile/dashboard>
    DECISION: <ship / rollback / escalate>

    Execution drill pack 2

    Use this pack to rehearse AI-for-VLSI decision making on ai-vlsi/accelerator-architecture: metric framing, mechanism proof, hardware implications, and release safety.

    Evidence checklist

    • Metric context includes workload, dataset slice, and revision tags.

    • Mechanism explanation links model behavior to observed outcome.

    • Hardware/runtime feasibility is profiled, not assumed.

    • Owner and rollback path are documented before rollout.

    Review prompts

    1. Which decision will this model output influence?

    2. What is the first failing layer when metric regresses?

    3. Which owner applies the smallest reversible fix?

    4. What validation matrix is required before deployment?

    Evidence capsule

    Diagram
    AI-VLSI EVIDENCE CAPSULE 2
    
    PATH: ai-vlsi/accelerator-architecture
    WORKLOAD SLICE: <name>
    PRIMARY METRIC: <value/trend>
    FIRST FAILING LAYER: <data/model/runtime/hardware>
    OWNER: <name>
    PRIMARY ARTIFACT: <report/profile/dashboard>
    DECISION: <ship / rollback / escalate>

    Execution drill pack 3

    Use this pack to rehearse AI-for-VLSI decision making on ai-vlsi/accelerator-architecture: metric framing, mechanism proof, hardware implications, and release safety.

    Evidence checklist

    • Metric context includes workload, dataset slice, and revision tags.

    • Mechanism explanation links model behavior to observed outcome.

    • Hardware/runtime feasibility is profiled, not assumed.

    • Owner and rollback path are documented before rollout.

    Review prompts

    1. Which decision will this model output influence?

    2. What is the first failing layer when metric regresses?

    3. Which owner applies the smallest reversible fix?

    4. What validation matrix is required before deployment?

    Evidence capsule

    Diagram
    AI-VLSI EVIDENCE CAPSULE 3
    
    PATH: ai-vlsi/accelerator-architecture
    WORKLOAD SLICE: <name>
    PRIMARY METRIC: <value/trend>
    FIRST FAILING LAYER: <data/model/runtime/hardware>
    OWNER: <name>
    PRIMARY ARTIFACT: <report/profile/dashboard>
    DECISION: <ship / rollback / escalate>

    Execution drill pack 4

    Use this pack to rehearse AI-for-VLSI decision making on ai-vlsi/accelerator-architecture: metric framing, mechanism proof, hardware implications, and release safety.

    Evidence checklist

    • Metric context includes workload, dataset slice, and revision tags.

    • Mechanism explanation links model behavior to observed outcome.

    • Hardware/runtime feasibility is profiled, not assumed.

    • Owner and rollback path are documented before rollout.

    Review prompts

    1. Which decision will this model output influence?

    2. What is the first failing layer when metric regresses?

    3. Which owner applies the smallest reversible fix?

    4. What validation matrix is required before deployment?

    Evidence capsule

    Diagram
    AI-VLSI EVIDENCE CAPSULE 4
    
    PATH: ai-vlsi/accelerator-architecture
    WORKLOAD SLICE: <name>
    PRIMARY METRIC: <value/trend>
    FIRST FAILING LAYER: <data/model/runtime/hardware>
    OWNER: <name>
    PRIMARY ARTIFACT: <report/profile/dashboard>
    DECISION: <ship / rollback / escalate>

    Execution drill pack 5

    Use this pack to rehearse AI-for-VLSI decision making on ai-vlsi/accelerator-architecture: metric framing, mechanism proof, hardware implications, and release safety.

    Evidence checklist

    • Metric context includes workload, dataset slice, and revision tags.

    • Mechanism explanation links model behavior to observed outcome.

    • Hardware/runtime feasibility is profiled, not assumed.

    • Owner and rollback path are documented before rollout.

    Review prompts

    1. Which decision will this model output influence?

    2. What is the first failing layer when metric regresses?

    3. Which owner applies the smallest reversible fix?

    4. What validation matrix is required before deployment?

    Evidence capsule

    Diagram
    AI-VLSI EVIDENCE CAPSULE 5
    
    PATH: ai-vlsi/accelerator-architecture
    WORKLOAD SLICE: <name>
    PRIMARY METRIC: <value/trend>
    FIRST FAILING LAYER: <data/model/runtime/hardware>
    OWNER: <name>
    PRIMARY ARTIFACT: <report/profile/dashboard>
    DECISION: <ship / rollback / escalate>
    PreviousNext: MAC Arrays & Systolic

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    See also

    • How to Use This Course
    • AI-VLSI Metrics Reference
    • AI-VLSI Glossary