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  2. First Principles of Verification Strategy

First Principles of Verification Strategy

All courses

Intermediate · ~40 h · 160 lessons · 19 sections

How to know a chip works and when you have done enough.

Start courseHow to Use This Course

Course map

  1. How to Use This Course
    1 lesson

    Starts with How to Use This Course

  2. Reading Paths
    1 lesson

    Starts with Reading Paths

  3. Concept Map
    1 lesson

    Starts with Concept Map

  4. Meet DCRouter
    1 lesson

    Starts with Meet DCRouter

  5. Glossary
    1 lesson

    Starts with Glossary

  6. Part 0: What Verification Is
    8 lessons

    Starts with Verification, Validation and Test

  7. Part 1: What Can Go Wrong
    11 lessons

    Starts with A Taxonomy of Bugs

  8. Part 2: Specifications as Checkable Rules
    8 lessons

    Starts with Intent and the Oracle

  9. Part 3: Observability and Controllability
    7 lessons

    Starts with Controllability

  10. Part 4: Stimulus
    11 lessons

    Starts with Directed Tests

  11. Part 5: Checking
    11 lessons

    Starts with Self-Checking Testbenches

  12. Part 6: Coverage
    10 lessons

    Starts with What Coverage Measures

  13. Part 7: Formal and Simulation
    10 lessons

    Starts with What Formal Does

  14. Part 8: Verification Levels and Reuse
    8 lessons

    Starts with Levels and What They See

  15. Part 9: Planning and Risk
    9 lessons

    Starts with The Verification Plan

  16. Part 10: Emulation and Prototyping
    8 lessons

    Starts with Why Cycles Matter

  17. Part 11: Post-Silicon Validation
    8 lessons

    Starts with Pre-Silicon and Post-Silicon

  18. Part 12: Bug Economics
    8 lessons

    Starts with The Cost of Bugs by Stage

  19. Part 13: Debug
    7 lessons

    Starts with The Debug Loop

  20. Part 14: Sign-Off
    7 lessons

    Starts with What Sign-Off Means

  21. Part 15: Verification in Context
    8 lessons

    Starts with Functional Safety Verification

  22. Part 16: Case Studies
    5 lessons

    Starts with How to Read an Escape

  23. Part 17: Capstones
    5 lessons

    Starts with Write the Plan

  24. Part 18: Interview Preparation
    6 lessons

    Starts with The Reasoning Framework

About this course

Most verification courses teach tools: SystemVerilog, UVM, a formal tool. This course teaches the decisions those tools carry out. What exactly are we checking against? Which stimulus reaches the cases that matter? Where should a check sit? When does coverage mean something? When should we prove instead of test? What should we verify first, and when have we done enough?

No team can simulate every case, so verification never proves a chip correct. It gathers evidence, as cheaply and as early as possible, until the risk that remains is one the team can accept. Learn to reason about that evidence and you can plan, review and sign off verification on any design, with any tools.

Note

Status: preview. This course is being written part by part. 139 of 139 lessons are ready now. Complete parts: Part 0, Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, Part 5, Part 6, Part 7, Part 8, Part 9, Part 10, Part 11, Part 12, Part 13, Part 14, Part 15, Part 16, Part 17, Part 18. Also ready: nothing else. Every part page lists its lessons and when they arrive.

The sixteen questions the course is built on. Each part answers one; parts 16 to 18 apply them all.

What you will be able to do

  1. Turn a specification into checkable rules, a reference model and a risk-ranked verification plan.

  2. Choose directed, random, constrained-random or formal methods for each feature, and defend the choice with numbers.

  3. Read coverage and bug-rate data critically, spot false passes, and estimate how many bugs are left.

  4. Debug failures with a method, from a single waveform to a night of regression failures.

  5. Run a sign-off review that states the evidence, the waivers and the residual risk honestly.

Four levels on every page

Badge

Level

Who

What a page gives you

F

Foundation

0–3 years

The problem, the idea, a clear picture, one worked example

W

Working

3–6 years

Techniques, pitfalls, runnable code, how to tell if it worked

S

Senior

6–10 years

The arithmetic behind the choice, trade-off tables, planning and closure

P

Principal

10+ years

Risk, economics, what a sign-off board must ask, how the decision ages

Each lesson carries its lowest level badge, and every lesson ends its teaching with a Senior or Principal lens. See reading paths for routes by role.

The parts

Part

Title

The question

Lessons

Status

0

What Verification Is

What does it mean for a chip to work?

7

7 ready

1

What Can Go Wrong

What can go wrong?

10

10 ready

2

Specifications as Checkable Rules

What exactly are we checking against?

7

7 ready

3

Observability and Controllability

Can we see and steer what matters?

6

6 ready

4

Stimulus

How do we drive the design into the states that matter?

10

10 ready

5

Checking

How do we know the output is right?

10

10 ready

6

Coverage

How do we know we have tested enough?

9

9 ready

7

Formal and Simulation

When should we prove instead of test?

9

9 ready

8

Verification Levels and Reuse

At which level should each thing be verified?

7

7 ready

9

Planning and Risk

What should we verify first, and how much?

8

8 ready

10

Emulation and Prototyping

How do we run enough cycles?

7

7 ready

11

Post-Silicon Validation

What do we do when the chip comes back?

7

7 ready

12

Bug Economics

How do we spend verification effort wisely?

7

7 ready

13

Debug

How do we find the cause fast?

6

6 ready

14

Sign-Off

When are we done?

6

6 ready

15

Verification in Context

What changes for safety, security, processors and AI hardware?

7

7 ready

16

Case Studies

What can real projects teach us?

5

5 ready

17

Capstones

Can you apply all of it?

5

5 ready

18

Interview Preparation

Can you explain it under pressure?

6

6 ready

How the course is built

  • DCRouter and the Bug Zoo. You verify one small router across the whole course. It hides 24 planted bugs; each part applies one technique and records which bugs it catches. See Meet DCRouter.

  • Measured, not asserted. Every waveform comes from a simulation on the page, every plot from a model on the page, every formal result from a proof that runs, and every bug-catch number from a real run against the Bug Zoo.

  • Decisions above the tools. Each lesson links to the SystemVerilog, UVM, formal or other course that teaches the syntax, and spends its own time on why.

  • An evidence ledger. Each part adds one column to a sign-off record for DCRouter, which becomes the sign-off review in Part 14.

Tip

New here? Start with how to use this course, then Meet DCRouter.

Related topics

  • How to use this course
  • Reading paths
  • Concept map
  • Meet DCRouter
  • Glossary
Open question bankPractice questions for this track