Skip to content
DenseChip
Learn
PracticeCode labInterview

DenseChip

Navigate

Menu

LearnPracticeCode labInterview

Tools

All toolsSV editorCode repoResume
DenseChip

Practice, courses, and chip-design tools in one focused workspace.

LearnPracticeCode labInterviewToolsLearning paths

© 2026 DenseChip

AboutContactPrivacyTerms
Skip to lesson

Course contents

  • How to Use This Course
  • Reading Paths
  • Concept Map
  • Meet DCRouter
  • Glossary
  • Part 0: What Verification Is8
  • Part 1: What Can Go Wrong11
  • Part 2: Specifications as Checkable Rules8
  • Part 3: Observability and Controllability7
  • Part 4: Stimulus11
  • Part 5: Checking11
  • Part 6: Coverage10
  • Part 7: Formal and Simulation10
  • Part 8: Verification Levels and Reuse8
  • Part 9: Planning and Risk9
  • Part 10: Emulation and Prototyping8
  • Part 11: Post-Silicon Validation8
  • Part 12: Bug Economics8
  • Part 13: Debug7
  • Part 14: Sign-Off7
    • What Sign-Off Means
    • Sign-Off Criteria
    • Waivers
    • Residual Risk
    • The Tape-Out Review
    • Signing Off DCRouter
    • Drills: Sign-Off
  • Part 15: Verification in Context8
  • Part 16: Case Studies5
  • Part 17: Capstones5
  • Part 18: Interview Preparation6
Loading lesson

‹Part 14: Sign-Off
  1. Topics
  2. First Principles of Verification Strategy
  3. Part 14: Sign-Off
  4. Drills: Sign-Off

Part 14 · Sign-Off · All levels

Drills: Sign-Off

Interview questions, a whiteboard exercise and a ten-question checkpoint for Part 14.

On this page

    Answer each question out loud before opening it. If you miss more than three in the checkpoint, revisit the lessons linked at the end.

    Interview questions

    Check yourself What does sign-off mean?

    A decision by named people that residual risk is acceptable, based on evidence; not a proof of correctness.

    Check yourself What are your sign-off criteria?

    A set agreed at planning: evidence per feature, coverage decided, proofs, planted-bug detection, bug trend with effort, open bugs decided, final regression, reviews.

    Check yourself When would you waive a coverage hole?

    When closing it costs more than its risk, with a specific, justified, owned, approved waiver and a follow-up.

    Check yourself Are you confident there are no bugs?

    Answer with residual risk: known gaps, waivers, assumptions, an estimate of unknown bugs with a range, and scope.

    Check yourself How do you run a tape-out review?

    A package in advance, criteria walked one by one, open items and waivers with owners, independent questions, a recorded decision.

    Whiteboard exercise

    Task. You are asked to sign off a DMA engine. Coverage is 97% with 40 excluded bins, all regressions pass, no critical bugs are open, formal was not used, nobody has run planted bugs, and the bug curve found 3 bugs last week. Write what you would ask for, what you would conclude, and the decision you would recommend.

    Check yourself Open a model answer

    Ask for: the plan with evidence per feature (which features lack evidence?); the 40 exclusions with reasons and approvers (unreachable proved, or waived?); the remaining 3% holes by cause; a planted-bug or mutation run to show the checks detect bugs; formal on the descriptor state machine and arbitration, or a justification; the bug curve with effort beside it and what technique found last week's 3 bugs; open major bugs and their triage; changes in the last month and how each was re-verified. Conclude: the evidence shows exercise but not detection, exclusions are unexamined and bugs are still arriving, so the residual risk is not stated. Recommend: not yet; conditions to reach go are planted-bug detection on all interfaces, reviewed exclusions, a flattening curve over two more weeks with sustained effort, and a written residual-risk statement.

    Checkpoint: ten questions

    Check yourself 1. What is the most valuable sentence in a sign-off?

    The one that states what was not verified.

    Check yourself 2. Which sign-off criterion shows the checks can detect bugs?

    Planted bugs or mutations caught.

    Check yourself 3. Why must the bug-rate criterion include effort?

    A falling rate can come from falling effort.

    Check yourself 4. What does a valid waiver contain?

    What, why not closed, evidence, consequence if wrong, owner and approvers, follow-up.

    Check yourself 5. What throughput did DCRouter's gap bench measure, and why?

    0.953 flits per cycle: one idle cycle between back-to-back packets, because a new grant follows the tail by a cycle.

    Check yourself 6. How was the throughput difference resolved?

    A specification correction after the architects confirmed the bandwidth budget, plus a silicon validation item.

    Check yourself 7. What are the four kinds of residual risk?

    Known gaps, accepted waivers, unchecked assumptions, unknown bugs.

    Check yourself 8. What three outcomes can a tape-out review reach?

    Go, go with conditions, not yet.

    Check yourself 9. Which DCRouter bugs are caught by only one testbench in the final matrix?

    BUG_16 and BUG_23.

    Check yourself 10. What was DCRouter's sign-off decision?

    Go with conditions: the bandwidth budget confirmed and the saturation loops added or waived; silicon validation starting with throughput, counter saturation and sleep and wake.

    Revisit

    • 14.1 What Sign-Off Means

    • 14.2 Sign-Off Criteria

    • 14.3 Waivers

    • 14.4 Residual Risk

    • 14.5 The Tape-Out Review

    • 14.6 Signing Off DCRouter

    Keep going

    Next: Part 15: Verification in Context. What changes for safety, security, processors and AI hardware?

    Previous

    136 / 160

    Next: Part 15: Verification in Context

    Up next

    Up nextPart 15: Verification in Context

    Sign in to save progress

    Practice this lessonReport an error

    See also

    • What Sign-Off Means
    • Sign-Off Criteria
    • Waivers