Handshake Protocols Across Domains: Software / Programmer View

RTL / implementation view

State machine contracts must encode eventual delivery and backpressure.

What designers feel

• Intermittent sync failure

• mode-dependent startup hangs

RTL structure impact

• state machine handshake discipline

• reset release assumptions

• cross-domain data packaging

Synthesis interaction

• retiming can invalidate implicit assumptions

• lint clean does not imply CDC-safe

RTL-side mitigations

• explicit synchronizer wrappers

• protocol assertions

• reset sequence tests

RTL VIEW — Handshake Protocols Across Domains
// ensure crossing intent and protocol assumptions are explicit in module contract

Implementation layers touched

CDC/RDC OWNERSHIP LAYERS — Handshake Protocols Across Domains

layer                 owns                            common failure
------------------    -----------------------------   -----------------------------
design intent         crossing architecture           wrong topology selected
protocol semantics    req/ack, fifo, ordering        liveness/deadlock bugs
reset behavior        assert/deassert sequencing      boot instability
analysis setup        tool rules + waivers            false confidence
signoff governance    risk acceptance + dashboard     stale critical waivers

CDC/RDC deep dive

Protocol correctness is the bridge between structural clean and functional safe.

Concept diagram

PROTOCOL FLOW

intent -> transport protocol -> synchronization -> destination acceptance

Metric graph

PROTOCOL ISSUE BURNDOWN

open issues: 20 -> 11 -> 5 -> 0

Reports and artifacts

• FIFO pointer proofs

• req/ack liveness

• pulse miss checks

• protocol assertions

Mini case study

Async FIFO empty/full logic looked correct until gray decode mismatch appeared during reset overlap.

Debug branches

• Pointer sync audit

• formal liveness checks

• reset interaction review

Senior review question

Ask: what evidence proves this risk is closed for silicon, not just tool-clean?

Key takeaways

• State crossing class, assumptions, and owner with every issue.

• Run structural and dynamic regressions after each fix.

Common pitfalls

• Treating all warnings as equivalent risk.

• Waiving issues without containment evidence.

• Skipping reset and reconvergence stress after CDC fixes.

Principal CDC/RDC review addendum

Two-way handshakes guarantee delivery across asynchronous clocks when both request and acknowledge paths are synchronized and protocol invariants are enforced.

Metric: req/ack completion reliability, deadlock risk, backpressure behavior