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Course contents

  • How to Use This Course
  • Reading Path
  • CDC/RDC Glossary
  • CDC/RDC Metrics Reference
  • CDC/RDC Interview Prep
  • CDC/RDC Signoff Cheatsheet
  • Clock Domains and Failure Modes8
  • Metastability and Synchronizers16
  • CDC Protocols and Handshakes16
    • Pulse Synchronizers
      • Why Pulses Need Help
      • Toggle Synchronizer
      • Pulse Stretching and Edge Detect
      • Spacing and Rate Limits
    • Handshake Protocols Across Domains
    • Async FIFO CDC
    • CDC Protocol Verification
  • Reconvergence and Gray Coding16
  • Reset Domain Crossing16
  • Architecture and Design Rules16
  • CDC Signoff Methodology24
  • RDC Signoff16
  • Debug and Case Studies11
  • CDC and RDC Interview Prep30
  • Capstone: Sign Off a Multi-clock Peripheral4
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‹CDC Protocols and Handshakes
  1. Topics
  2. CDC & RDC
  3. CDC Protocols and Handshakes
  4. Pulse Synchronizers

Part 3 · CDC Protocols and Handshakes · All levels

Pulse Synchronizers

Carrying one-cycle events across clocks: why pulses get lost, toggle and stretch schemes, and spacing rules.

  • 4topics
  • 4lessons

A one-cycle pulse is the most commonly lost signal in multi-clock designs. This topic covers why a plain synchroniser misses it, the two signoff-accepted ways to carry it, and the spacing rule both of them need. For the design-side construction see the CDC handshakes RTL lessons; here the emphasis is on what a reviewer and the checks must confirm.

Lesson

After it you can...

Why Pulses Need Help

Explain the loss mechanism for a short pulse into a slower clock.

Toggle Synchronizer

State the toggle rules, including the no-early-re-toggle rule.

Pulse Stretching and Edge Detect

Judge when stretching is acceptable instead of a toggle.

Spacing and Rate Limits

Specify and check the minimum gap between pulses.

Suggested order: read the four lessons in page order, then continue to Handshake Protocols Across Domains.

Check yourself A pulse lasts one source cycle and the destination clock is slower. Why is a two-flop synchroniser not enough?

The pulse can rise and fall entirely between two destination sampling edges, so the synchroniser never sees it. The event must first be turned into a level that persists.

Interview

Draw a short pulse falling between two slow edges, then show the toggle fix. Interviewers promote this into the spacing question: how soon may the next pulse come?

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See also

  • Handshake Protocols Across Domains
  • Async FIFO CDC
  • CDC Protocol Verification