Puzzle

Difficulty: Medium · Puzzle 5 of 6 · Topic: Digital Logic Puzzles

Analyze this RTL and state the sequence and period of q. Also identify one synthesis-safe improvement.

Code

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always_ff @(posedge clk or negedge rst_n) begin
  if (!rst_n)      q <= 3'd0;
  else if (q == 3'd5) q <= 3'd0;
  else             q <= q + 3'd1;
end

Hint

Trace q values cycle by cycle from reset.

Step-by-step solution

1) Starting from reset q=0.
2) On each clock: 0,1,2,3,4,5 then wrap to 0.
3) So modulus (period in states) is 6.
4) Values 6 and 7 are unreachable in normal operation.
5) Improvement: add explicit recovery for illegal states (q>5) to 0 for robustness after X-corruption or partial reset.

Answer

Answer: q cycles 0->1->2->3->4->5->0 with period 6; add illegal-state recovery for safety.

Why candidates get it wrong

Calling it a 3-bit free-running counter (mod-8) without reading the compare branch.

Interviewer follow-up

How would you implement a glitch-free terminal-count pulse for q==5?

Related topics

• Back to Digital Logic Puzzles

• Logic & Aptitude Puzzles section