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Course contents

  • Architecture Metrics Reference
  • Workload Taxonomy for Architects
  • Architecture Glossary
  • Computer Architecture Cheatsheet
  • Pipeline Fundamentals14
  • Memory Hierarchy15
  • NoC and Interconnect Architecture6
  • Coherency and Memory Ordering9
  • Performance Analysis9
  • Accelerator Architectures6
  • SoC Architecture Tradeoffs9
    • PPA at System Level
      • PPA Budget Ledger
      • Workload-Weighted Model
      • Floorplan-Aware Budgets
      • Budget Negotiation
      • Architecture Signoff
    • Power and Energy for the Architect
  • Architecture Interview Prep14
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‹PPA at System Level
  1. Topics
  2. Computer Architecture
  3. SoC Architecture Tradeoffs
  4. PPA at System Level
  5. Workload-Weighted Model

Computer Architecture · All levels

Workload-Weighted Model

Weight performance across workloads and divide power by throughput before trusting a KPI.

On this page

    Weighting performance

    One synthetic score hides the mix. Three workload classes with stated weights replace it here.

    Class

    Speedup vs baseline

    Weight

    Sustained compute

    1.30x

    0.5

    Burst responsiveness

    1.10x

    0.3

    Background tasks

    1.05x

    0.2

    Ratios combine with a weighted geometric mean. Weights sum to 1.0, and all inputs are illustrative.

    Diagram
    Weighted geomean (illustrative speedups and weights)
      formula = exp(0.5 x ln(1.30) + 0.3 x ln(1.10) + 0.2 x ln(1.05))
      ln(1.30) = 0.26237 -> x 0.5 = 0.13118
      ln(1.10) = 0.09531 -> x 0.3 = 0.02859
      ln(1.05) = 0.04879 -> x 0.2 = 0.00976
      sum = 0.13118 + 0.02859 + 0.00976 = 0.16953
      exp(0.16953) = 1.18x
      plain mean = 0.5 x 1.30 + 0.3 x 1.10 + 0.2 x 1.05 = 1.19x

    The plain mean reads 1.19x and the geomean reads 1.18x. Small gaps compound when targets chain across releases, so the ledger records the geomean.

    Energy per operation

    Power without throughput is half a metric. Energy per operation divides the two under stated assumptions.

    Diagram
    Energy per operation (illustrative)
      assume P = 1.8 W sustained, throughput = 3.0 x 10^9 ops/s
      E = P / throughput = 1.8 / 3.0e9 = 0.6e-9 J = 0.60 nJ/op

    A faster block that burns proportionally more power shows no energy gain. Report both numbers or the tradeoff stays invisible.

    Stacking guardbands

    Guardbands add, they do not overlap. Each component below is an illustrative assumption in picoseconds.

    Diagram
    Timing guardband stack (illustrative, 1 GHz clock = 1000 ps period)
      variation + aging + modeling = 30 + 25 + 25 = 80 ps
      share of period = 80 / 1000 = 8%

    Common mistakes

    Common pitfall

    Averaging speedups with a plain mean overstates chained gains. Ratios need the geometric mean, and the weights need publishing alongside the result.

    Interview

    Likely probes: weighting discipline.

    • State weights before quoting any blended speedup.

    • Divide power by measured throughput for energy claims.

    • Stack guardband components instead of picking the largest.

    Check yourself Speedups are 1.30, 1.10 and 1.05 with weights 0.5, 0.3 and 0.2. What are the geomean and the plain mean?

    The geomean is 1.18x and the plain mean is 1.19x, as worked above.

    Check yourself A block draws 1.8 W at 3.0 Gops/s. What is its energy per operation?

    0.60 nJ/op, from 1.8 divided by 3.0e9.

    Related topics

    • Roofline and tuning

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    See also

    • Budget Negotiation
    • Architecture Signoff