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Course contents

  • Logic Synthesis Glossary
  • Logic Synthesis Cheatsheet
  • Synthesis Foundations14
  • Logic Optimisation and Mapping20
    • Boolean Optimisation
    • Technology Mapping
    • Cell Libraries and Liberty
    • Structuring and Buffering
      • Fanout, Slew and Capacitance Rules
      • Delay of a Driver with Load
      • Buffer Trees
      • Sizing, Cloning and Restructuring
      • Fanout Constraints in Practice
  • Constraints and Timing15
  • Sequential, FSM and Memory19
  • Datapath Synthesis14
  • Area, Power and Test14
  • Verification, ECO and Handoff15
  • Flows and Debugging15
  • Interview and Judgment11
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‹Structuring and Buffering
  1. Topics
  2. Logic Synthesis
  3. Logic Optimisation and Mapping
  4. Structuring and Buffering
  5. Fanout Constraints in Practice

Part 2 · Logic Optimisation and Mapping · Intermediate

Fanout Constraints in Practice

How fanout, transition and capacitance constraints steer synthesis.

On this page

    Constraints as repair orders

    The max_fanout, max_transition and max_capacitance repairs fire only on violations of those limits; timing optimisation may buffer for delay as well. Without those limits, there is no rule violation to repair, though timing work may still add buffers.

    The sketch below repeats the lesson-1 limits. It is illustrative: the command names are standard SDC and every number is an EXAMPLE value.

    Diagram
    # illustrative SDC sketch (not run; EXAMPLE limits, not any tool's defaults)
    set_max_fanout 32 [current_design]
    set_max_transition 0.5 [current_design]
    set_max_capacitance 10 [current_design]

    What repair costs

    Every repair in this topic spends area to buy back a rule. The table and calc price the fanout-64 tree from the earlier lesson.

    Repair

    Fixes

    Costs

    Buffer tree

    Fanout, slew and load together

    Area, stage delay and power.

    Gate sizing

    Slow edges on one stage

    Area and power on that cell.

    Cloning

    Fanout and load on shared logic

    A copy of the cloned logic.

    Restructuring

    Logic depth

    Area in some arrangements; check each case.

    Diagram
    repair bill for the fanout-64 tree (course.lib area units):
    21 BUF x 2 = 42 area units
    EXAMPLE power: P = alpha x C x V^2 x f = 0.5 x 2 x 1 x 1 = 1 unit per buffer
    21 buffers x 1 = 21 EXAMPLE power units

    Common mistakes

    Common pitfall

    Tighter limits always cost more somewhere. A max fanout of 4 on every net grows trees everywhere, so set limits from the library and recheck area after repair.

    Interview

    Likely probes: the full repair story.

    • The max rule repairs fire only on violations, while timing optimisation may buffer for delay regardless.

    • The EXAMPLE tree costs 42 area units and 21 power units for 64 sinks.

    • Restructuring pairs with buffering: one cuts stages of logic, the other cuts load per stage.

    Check yourself The fanout-64 tree holds 21 buffers at BUF area 2. What is its area, and its EXAMPLE power at 1 unit each?

    42 area units and 21 power units. Both scale with buffer count, so narrower branches cost more of each.

    Check yourself No max fanout limit is set and a net drives 200 sinks. Does the max fanout repair fire?

    No. That repair fires only on a violation of its limit. Timing optimisation could still buffer the net for delay, which is a separate decision.

    Related topics

    • Fanout, slew and capacitance rules

    • SDC for synthesis

    • Timing driven synthesis

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    See also

    • Fanout, Slew and Capacitance Rules
    • Delay of a Driver with Load
    • Buffer Trees