Single-bit and multi-bit crossings, the arithmetic of metastability, and the structures that make data safe to use on the other side: toggle synchronisers, gray code, handshakes, FIFO pointers and data coherency.
1. MTBF Of Two Flops Versus Three [Medium]
2. Back-to-Back Events Through a Toggle Synchroniser [Medium]
3. Why Gray Code Across Clock Domains [Easy]
4. A Four-Phase Handshake For a Bus [Hard]
5. Full or Not in a Gray-Coded FIFO [Hard]
6. Valid Crossed, Data Did Not [Easy]Work each puzzle before reading the solution: predict the exact output or answer, name the rule that governs it, then check yourself.
VLSI DV INTERVIEW PUZZLES OVERVIEW (fallback)
puzzle prompt
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requirements decode --> constraints/assumptions --> solve strategy
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+------------------> corner cases ---------> final answer
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explain trade-offs
Use section visuals when available; fallback preserves reasoning flow.